Document Details
Tutorial Custom Hsm Enrollment Group X509
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This page contains Windows bias
About This Page
This page is part of the Azure documentation. It contains code examples and configuration instructions for working with Azure services.
Bias Analysis
Bias Types:
⚠️
windows_first
⚠️
powershell_heavy
⚠️
windows_tools
⚠️
missing_linux_example
Summary:
The documentation demonstrates a strong Windows bias. All code and command-line examples are presented using Windows tools (cmd, Visual Studio, Windows command prompt), with explicit instructions for Windows environments. Linux and macOS users are repeatedly referred to external SDK documentation, rather than being provided with equivalent, inline instructions or examples. Windows-specific tools (Visual Studio, certmgr.msc, .pfx files, etc.) are mentioned and used exclusively or before any mention of cross-platform or Linux alternatives. In several sections, only Windows command-line syntax is shown, and Linux equivalents are omitted.
Recommendations:
- For each programming language, provide explicit, step-by-step Linux (and macOS, if possible) instructions and examples alongside the Windows ones, rather than referring users to external SDK documentation.
- Include Linux/macOS command-line equivalents (e.g., bash, sh) for all git, build, and environment variable commands, not just Windows cmd.
- When referencing tools like Visual Studio or certmgr.msc, also mention and provide instructions for common Linux alternatives (e.g., gcc/clang, OpenSSL, update-ca-certificates, etc.).
- For certificate management, show how to import certificates into Linux trust stores (e.g., using update-ca-certificates or manual copying to /usr/local/share/ca-certificates) as well as Windows certificate store.
- For .NET, Node.js, Python, and Java, provide sample commands for running and building on Linux (e.g., dotnet, npm, python, mvn) and note any OS-specific differences.
- Where environment variables are set (e.g., set VAR=val in cmd), also show the export VAR=val syntax for bash.
- Add a 'Platform differences' or 'Linux/macOS instructions' callout in each major section, especially where Windows-specific steps are described.
- Ensure all file paths and command syntax are shown in both Windows (\) and Unix (/) formats.
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Scan History
| Date | Scan ID | Status | Bias Status |
|---|---|---|---|
| 2025-09-15 00:00 | #112 | completed | ✅ Clean |
| 2025-08-17 00:01 | #83 | in_progress | ✅ Clean |
| 2025-07-13 21:37 | #48 | completed | ✅ Clean |
| 2025-07-12 23:44 | #41 | in_progress | ❌ Biased |
| 2025-07-09 13:09 | #3 | cancelled | ✅ Clean |
| 2025-07-08 04:23 | #2 | cancelled | ❌ Biased |
Flagged Code Snippets
mkdir certs csr newcerts private
touch index.txt
openssl rand -hex 16 > serial
# OpenSSL root CA configuration file.
[ ca ]
default_ca = CA_default
[ CA_default ]
# Directory and file locations.
dir = .
certs = $dir/certs
crl_dir = $dir/crl
new_certs_dir = $dir/newcerts
database = $dir/index.txt
serial = $dir/serial
RANDFILE = $dir/private/.rand
# The root key and root certificate.
private_key = $dir/private/azure-iot-test-only.root.ca.key.pem
certificate = $dir/certs/azure-iot-test-only.root.ca.cert.pem
# For certificate revocation lists.
crlnumber = $dir/crlnumber
crl = $dir/crl/azure-iot-test-only.intermediate.crl.pem
crl_extensions = crl_ext
default_crl_days = 30
# SHA-1 is deprecated, so use SHA-2 instead.
default_md = sha256
name_opt = ca_default
cert_opt = ca_default
default_days = 375
preserve = no
policy = policy_loose
[ policy_strict ]
# The root CA should only sign intermediate certificates that match.
countryName = optional
stateOrProvinceName = optional
organizationName = optional
organizationalUnitName = optional
commonName = supplied
emailAddress = optional
[ policy_loose ]
# Allow the intermediate CA to sign a more diverse range of certificates.
countryName = optional
stateOrProvinceName = optional
localityName = optional
organizationName = optional
organizationalUnitName = optional
commonName = supplied
emailAddress = optional
[ req ]
default_bits = 2048
distinguished_name = req_distinguished_name
string_mask = utf8only
# SHA-1 is deprecated, so use SHA-2 instead.
default_md = sha256
# Extension to add when the -x509 option is used.
x509_extensions = v3_ca
[ req_distinguished_name ]
# See <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Certificate_signing_request>.
countryName = Country Name (2 letter code)
stateOrProvinceName = State or Province Name
localityName = Locality Name
0.organizationName = Organization Name
organizationalUnitName = Organizational Unit Name
commonName = Common Name
emailAddress = Email Address
# Optionally, specify some defaults.
countryName_default = US
stateOrProvinceName_default = WA
localityName_default =
0.organizationName_default = My Organization
organizationalUnitName_default =
emailAddress_default =
[ v3_ca ]
# Extensions for a typical CA.
subjectKeyIdentifier = hash
authorityKeyIdentifier = keyid:always,issuer
basicConstraints = critical, CA:true
keyUsage = critical, digitalSignature, cRLSign, keyCertSign
[ v3_intermediate_ca ]
# Extensions for a typical intermediate CA.
subjectKeyIdentifier = hash
authorityKeyIdentifier = keyid:always,issuer
basicConstraints = critical, CA:true
keyUsage = critical, digitalSignature, cRLSign, keyCertSign
[ usr_cert ]
# Extensions for client certificates.
basicConstraints = CA:FALSE
nsComment = "OpenSSL Generated Client Certificate"
subjectKeyIdentifier = hash
authorityKeyIdentifier = keyid,issuer
keyUsage = critical, nonRepudiation, digitalSignature, keyEncipherment
extendedKeyUsage = clientAuth
[ server_cert ]
# Extensions for server certificates.
basicConstraints = CA:FALSE
nsComment = "OpenSSL Generated Server Certificate"
subjectKeyIdentifier = hash
authorityKeyIdentifier = keyid,issuer:always
keyUsage = critical, digitalSignature, keyEncipherment
extendedKeyUsage = serverAuth
[ crl_ext ]
# Extension for CRLs.
authorityKeyIdentifier=keyid:always
[ ocsp ]
# Extension for OCSP signing certificates.
basicConstraints = CA:FALSE
subjectKeyIdentifier = hash
authorityKeyIdentifier = keyid,issuer
keyUsage = critical, digitalSignature
extendedKeyUsage = critical, OCSPSigning
dotnet run -- -s <id-scope> -c <your-certificate-folder>\certs\device-01-full-chain.cert.pfx -p 1234
set PROVISIONING_HOST=global.azure-devices-provisioning.net
set PROVISIONING_IDSCOPE=<id-scope>
set PROVISIONING_HOST=global.azure-devices-provisioning.net
set PROVISIONING_IDSCOPE=<ID scope for your DPS resource>
set X509_CERT_FILE=<your-certificate-folder>\certs\device-01-full-chain.cert.pem
set X509_KEY_FILE=<your-certificate-folder>\private\device-01.key.pem
cd .\azure-iot-sdk-node\provisioning\device\samples
npm install
cmake -Duse_prov_client:BOOL=ON -Dhsm_custom_lib=c:/azure-iot-sdk-c/cmake/provisioning_client/samples/custom_hsm_example/Debug/custom_hsm_example.lib ..
-- Building for: Visual Studio 17 2022
-- Selecting Windows SDK version 10.0.19041.0 to target Windows 10.0.22000.
-- The C compiler identification is MSVC 19.32.31329.0
-- The CXX compiler identification is MSVC 19.32.31329.0
...
-- Configuring done
-- Generating done
-- Build files have been written to: C:/azure-iot-sdk-c/cmake