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Tutorial Hub Spoke Route Nat
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Sad Tux - Windows bias detected
This page contains Windows bias

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This page is part of the Azure documentation. It contains code examples and configuration instructions for working with Azure services.
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Bias Analysis

Detected Bias Types
windows_first
powershell_heavy
windows_tools
missing_linux_example
Summary
The documentation demonstrates a Windows bias in several areas: (1) Windows Server virtual machines are used exclusively for test workloads, with no Linux VM alternatives or examples; (2) IIS (a Windows-only web server) is installed for testing, with no mention of Linux-based web servers (e.g., Apache, Nginx); (3) All test and verification steps (such as browsing with Microsoft Edge and using PowerShell scripts) are Windows-centric, with no Linux equivalents; (4) PowerShell and Windows tools are referenced heavily, and Linux alternatives are not provided or are only mentioned in passing.
Recommendations
  • Provide parallel Linux-based examples for test workloads, such as deploying Ubuntu or other Linux VMs in the spokes, and using Apache or Nginx for web server testing.
  • Include Linux command-line instructions (e.g., using curl or wget) for testing outbound connectivity and inter-spoke routing, alongside the Microsoft Edge/Windows instructions.
  • Offer Bash shell scripts or Azure CLI examples for configuration and testing, not just PowerShell.
  • When demonstrating installation of web servers or other software, show both Windows (IIS) and Linux (Apache/Nginx) options.
  • Explicitly mention that either Windows or Linux can be used for test VMs, and provide guidance for both.
  • Balance the order of presentation so that Linux and Windows are given equal prominence, or alternate which OS is presented first in examples.
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Scan History

Date Scan Status Result
2026-01-14 00:00 #250 in_progress Biased Biased
2026-01-13 00:00 #246 completed Biased Biased
2026-01-11 00:00 #240 completed Biased Biased
2026-01-10 00:00 #237 completed Biased Biased
2026-01-09 00:34 #234 completed Biased Biased
2026-01-08 00:53 #231 completed Biased Biased
2026-01-06 18:15 #225 cancelled Clean Clean
2025-08-17 00:01 #83 cancelled Clean Clean
2025-07-13 21:37 #48 completed Clean Clean
2025-07-12 23:44 #41 cancelled Biased Biased
2025-07-09 13:09 #3 cancelled Clean Clean
2025-07-08 04:23 #2 cancelled Biased Biased

Flagged Code Snippets

$rgParams = @{
    Name = "test-rg"
    Location = "eastus2"
}
New-AzResourceGroup @rgParams

$publicIpParams = @{
    ResourceGroupName = "test-rg"
    Name = "public-ip-nat"
    Sku = "Standard"
    AllocationMethod = "Static"
    Location = "eastus2"
    Zone = 1,2,3
}
$publicIp = New-AzPublicIpAddress @publicIpParams

$natGatewayParams = @{
    ResourceGroupName = "test-rg"
    Name = "nat-gateway"
    PublicIpAddress = $publicIp
    Sku = 'Standard'
    IdleTimeoutInMinutes = 4
    Location = "eastus2"
}
New-AzNatGateway @natGatewayParams

# Get the network interface object
$nicParams = @{
    ResourceGroupName = "test-rg"
    Name = "nic-1"
    }
$nic = Get-AzNetworkInterface @nicParams

$vmConfigParams = @{
    VM = $vmConfig
    Id = $nic.Id
    }
$vmConfig = Add-AzVMNetworkInterface @vmConfigParams

$vmParams = @{
    VM = $vmConfig
    ResourceGroupName = "test-rg"
    Location = "southcentralus"
    }
New-AzVM @vmParams

az vm create \
    --resource-group test-rg \
    --name vm-spoke-1 \
    --image Win2022Datacenter \
    --size Standard_DS2_v2 \
    --admin-username azureuser \
    --nics nic-1

    # Install IIS server role
    Install-WindowsFeature -name Web-Server -IncludeManagementTools
    
    # Remove default htm file
    Remove-Item  C:\inetpub\wwwroot\iisstart.htm
    
    # Add a new htm file that displays server name
    Add-Content -Path "C:\inetpub\wwwroot\iisstart.htm" -Value $("Hello World from " + $env:computername)
    
    Success Restart Needed Exit Code      Feature Result                               
    ------- -------------- ---------      --------------                               
    True    No             Success        {Common HTTP Features, Default Document, D...
    
$vmExtensionParams = @{
    ResourceGroupName = "test-rg"
    VMName = "vm-spoke-1"
    Name = "CustomScriptExtension"
    Publisher = "Microsoft.Compute"
    Type = "CustomScriptExtension"
    TypeHandlerVersion = "1.10"
    Settings = @{
        "commandToExecute" = "powershell Add-WindowsFeature Web-Server; powershell Add-Content -Path 'C:\inetpub\wwwroot\default.htm' -Value vm-spoke-1"
    }
}
Set-AzVMExtension @vmExtensionParams

az vm extension set \
    --publisher Microsoft.Compute \
    --version 1.8 \
    --name CustomScriptExtension \
    --vm-name vm-spoke-1 \
    --resource-group test-rg \
    --settings '{"commandToExecute":"powershell Add-WindowsFeature Web-Server; powershell Add-Content -Path \"C:\\inetpub\\wwwroot\\default.htm\" -Value $($env:computername)"}'

$vnetParams = @{
    ResourceGroupName = "test-rg"
    Name = "vnet-spoke-2"
    AddressPrefix = "10.2.0.0/16"
    Location = "westus2"
}
New-AzVirtualNetwork @vnetParams

$vnetParams = @{
    ResourceGroupName = "test-rg"
    Name = "vnet-spoke-2"
}
$vnet = Get-AzVirtualNetwork @vnetParams

$subnetParams = @{
    VirtualNetwork = $vnet
    Name = "subnet-private"
    AddressPrefix = "10.2.0.0/24"
}
Add-AzVirtualNetworkSubnetConfig @subnetParams

Set-AzVirtualNetwork -VirtualNetwork $vnet

$vmParams = @{
    VM = $vmConfig
    ResourceGroupName = "test-rg"
    Location = "eastus2"
    SshKeyName = "ssh-key"
    }
New-AzVM @vmParams -GenerateSshKey

$nsgParams = @{
    ResourceGroupName = "test-rg"
    Name = "nsg-spoke-1"
    Location = "southcentralus"
}
New-AzNetworkSecurityGroup @nsgParams

$cred = Get-Credential

az vm extension set \
    --publisher Microsoft.Compute \
    --version 1.8 \
    --name CustomScriptExtension \
    --vm-name vm-spoke-2 \
    --resource-group test-rg \
    --settings '{"commandToExecute":"powershell Add-WindowsFeature Web-Server; powershell Add-Content -Path \"C:\\inetpub\\wwwroot\\Default.htm\" -Value $($env:computername)"}'

$nsgParams = @{
    ResourceGroupName = "test-rg"
    Name = "nsg-nva"
    Location = "eastus2"
}
New-AzNetworkSecurityGroup @nsgParams

$nicParams = @{
    ResourceGroupName = "test-rg"
    Name = "nic-public"
}
$nic = Get-AzNetworkInterface @nicParams
$nic.EnableIPForwarding = $true
Set-AzNetworkInterface -NetworkInterface $nic

$nicParams = @{
    ResourceGroupName = "test-rg"
    Name = "nic-public"
}
$nic = Get-AzNetworkInterface @nicParams
$nic.IpConfigurations[0].PrivateIpAllocationMethod = "Static"
$nic.IpConfigurations[0].PrivateIpAddress = "10.0.253.10"
Set-AzNetworkInterface -NetworkInterface $nic

$routeTableParams = @{
    ResourceGroupName = "test-rg"
    Name = "route-table-nat-hub"
    Location = "eastus2"
}
New-AzRouteTable @routeTableParams

$vnetParams = @{
    ResourceGroupName = "test-rg"
    Name = "vnet-spoke-1"
}
$vnet = Get-AzVirtualNetwork @vnetParams

$subnetParams = @{
    VirtualNetwork = $vnet
    Name = "subnet-private"
    AddressPrefix = "10.1.0.0/24"
}
Add-AzVirtualNetworkSubnetConfig @subnetParams

Set-AzVirtualNetwork -VirtualNetwork $vnet

$nsgParams = @{
    ResourceGroupName = "test-rg"
    Name = "nsg-spoke-2"
    Location = "westus2"
}
New-AzNetworkSecurityGroup @nsgParams

$vmParams = @{
    VM = $vmConfig
    ResourceGroupName = "test-rg"
    Location = "westus2"
    }
New-AzVM @vmParams

az vm create \
    --resource-group test-rg \
    --name vm-spoke-2 \
    --image Win2022Datacenter \
    --size Standard_DS2_v2 \
    --admin-username azureuser \
    --nics nic-2

$subnetPrivateParams = @{
    Name = "subnet-private"
    AddressPrefix = "10.0.0.0/24"
}
$privateSubnetConfig = New-AzVirtualNetworkSubnetConfig @subnetPrivateParams

$subnetBastionParams = @{
    Name = "AzureBastionSubnet"
    AddressPrefix = "10.0.1.0/26"
}
$bastionSubnetConfig = New-AzVirtualNetworkSubnetConfig @subnetBastionParams

$subnetPublicParams = @{
    Name = "subnet-public"
    AddressPrefix = "10.0.253.0/28"
    NatGateway = (Get-AzNatGateway -ResourceGroupName "test-rg" -Name "nat-gateway")
}
$publicSubnetConfig = New-AzVirtualNetworkSubnetConfig @subnetPublicParams

$vNetParams = @{
    ResourceGroupName = "test-rg"
    Name = "vnet-hub"
    AddressPrefix = "10.0.0.0/16"
    Location = "eastus2"
    Subnet = $privateSubnetConfig, $bastionSubnetConfig, $publicSubnetConfig
}
$vNet = New-AzVirtualNetwork @vNetParams

$publicIpParams = @{
    ResourceGroupName = "test-rg"
    Name = "public-ip-bastion"
    Sku = "Standard"
    AllocationMethod = "Static"
    Location = "eastus2"
    Zone = 1,2,3
}
New-AzPublicIpAddress @publicIpParams

$bastionParams = @{
    ResourceGroupName = "test-rg"
    Name = "bastion"
    VirtualNetworkName = "vnet-hub"
    PublicIpAddressName = "public-ip-bastion"
    PublicIPAddressRgName = "test-rg"
    VirtualNetworkRgName = "test-rg"
}
New-AzBastion @bastionParams

$nicParams = @{
    ResourceGroupName = "test-rg"
    Name = "nic-public"
    SubnetId = (Get-AzVirtualNetwork -ResourceGroupName "test-rg" -Name "vnet-hub").Subnets[1].Id
    NetworkSecurityGroupId = (Get-AzNetworkSecurityGroup -ResourceGroupName "test-rg" -Name "nsg-nva").Id
    Location = "eastus2"
}
New-AzNetworkInterface @nicParams

$cred = Get-Credential

$vmConfigParams = @{
    VMName = "vm-nva"
    VMSize = "Standard_DS4_v2"
    }
$vmConfig = New-AzVMConfig @vmConfigParams

$osParams = @{
    VM = $vmConfig
    ComputerName = "vm-nva"
    Credential = $cred
    }
$vmConfig = Set-AzVMOperatingSystem @osParams -Linux -DisablePasswordAuthentication

$imageParams = @{
    VM = $vmConfig
    PublisherName = "Canonical"
    Offer = "ubuntu-24_04-lts"
    Skus = "server"
    Version = "latest"
    }
$vmConfig = Set-AzVMSourceImage @imageParams

# Get the network interface object
$nicParams = @{
    ResourceGroupName = "test-rg"
    Name = "nic-public"
    }
$nic = Get-AzNetworkInterface @nicParams

$vmConfigParams = @{
    VM = $vmConfig
    Id = $nic.Id
    }
$vmConfig = Add-AzVMNetworkInterface @vmConfigParams

$vmParams = @{
    ResourceGroupName = "test-rg"
    Name = "vm-nva"
}
$vm = Get-AzVM @vmParams

$nicParams = @{
    ResourceGroupName = "test-rg"
    Name = "nic-public"
}
$nic = Get-AzNetworkInterface @nicParams

$vm.NetworkProfile.NetworkInterfaces | ForEach-Object {
    $_.Primary = $false
}
$vm.NetworkProfile.NetworkInterfaces | Where-Object { $_.Id -eq $nic.Id } | ForEach-Object {
    $_.Primary = $true
}

$updateParams = @{
    ResourceGroupName = "test-rg"
    VM = $vm
}
Update-AzVM @updateParams

$nicParams = @{
    ResourceGroupName = "test-rg"
    Name = "nic-private"
    SubnetId = (Get-AzVirtualNetwork -ResourceGroupName "test-rg" -Name "vnet-hub").Subnets[0].Id
    PrivateIpAddress = "10.0.0.10"
    Location = "eastus2"
}
New-AzNetworkInterface @nicParams

$vmParams = @{
    ResourceGroupName = "test-rg"
    Name = "vm-nva"
    Force = $true
}
Stop-AzVM @vmParams

$vmParams = @{
    ResourceGroupName = "test-rg"
    Name = "vm-nva"
}
$vm = Get-AzVM @vmParams

$nicParams = @{
    ResourceGroupName = "test-rg"
    Name = "nic-private"
}
$nic = Get-AzNetworkInterface @nicParams

$vm = Add-AzVMNetworkInterface -VM $vm -Id $nic.Id

$updateParams = @{
    ResourceGroupName = "test-rg"
    VM = $vm
}
Update-AzVM @updateParams

$startVmParams = @{
    ResourceGroupName = "test-rg"
    Name = "vm-nva"
}
Start-AzVM @startVmParams

$routeConfigParams = @{
    Name = "default-via-nat-hub"
    AddressPrefix = "0.0.0.0/0"
    NextHopType = "VirtualAppliance"
    NextHopIpAddress = "10.0.0.10"
}

$routeTableParams = @{
    ResourceGroupName = "test-rg"
    Name = "route-table-nat-hub"
}
$routeTable = Get-AzRouteTable @routeTableParams

$routeTable | Add-AzRouteConfig @routeConfigParams | Set-AzRouteTable


$vnetParams = @{
    ResourceGroupName = "test-rg"
    Name = "vnet-hub"
}
$vnet = Get-AzVirtualNetwork @vnetParams

$subnetParams = @{
    VirtualNetwork = $vnet
    Name = "subnet-private"
}
$subnet = Get-AzVirtualNetworkSubnetConfig @subnetParams

$subnet.RouteTable = $routeTable

Set-AzVirtualNetwork -VirtualNetwork $vnet

$vnetParams = @{
    ResourceGroupName = "test-rg"
    Name = "vnet-spoke-1"
    AddressPrefix = "10.1.0.0/16"
    Location = "southcentralus"
}
New-AzVirtualNetwork @vnetParams

# Create peering from hub to spoke one
$hubVnetParams = @{
    ResourceGroupName = "test-rg"
    Name = "vnet-hub"
}
$hubVnet = Get-AzVirtualNetwork @hubVnetParams

$spokeVnetParams = @{
    ResourceGroupName = "test-rg"
    Name = "vnet-spoke-1"
}
$spokeVnet = Get-AzVirtualNetwork @spokeVnetParams

$hubToSpokeParams = @{
    Name = "vnet-hub-to-vnet-spoke-1"
    VirtualNetwork = $hubVnet
    RemoteVirtualNetworkId = $spokeVnet.Id
    AllowForwardedTraffic = $true
}
Add-AzVirtualNetworkPeering @hubToSpokeParams

# Create peering from spoke one to hub
$spokeToHubParams = @{
    Name = "vnet-spoke-1-to-vnet-hub"
    VirtualNetwork = $spokeVnet
    RemoteVirtualNetworkId = $hubVnet.Id
    AllowForwardedTraffic = $true
}
Add-AzVirtualNetworkPeering @spokeToHubParams

$routeTableParams = @{
    ResourceGroupName = "test-rg"
    Name = "route-table-nat-spoke-1"
    Location = "southcentralus"
}
New-AzRouteTable @routeTableParams

$routeConfigParams = @{
    Name = "default-via-nat-spoke-1"
    AddressPrefix = "0.0.0.0/0"
    NextHopType = "VirtualAppliance"
    NextHopIpAddress = "10.0.0.10"
}

$routeTableParams = @{
    ResourceGroupName = "test-rg"
    Name = "route-table-nat-spoke-1"
}
$routeTable = Get-AzRouteTable @routeTableParams

$routeTable | Add-AzRouteConfig @routeConfigParams | Set-AzRouteTable

$vnetParams = @{
    ResourceGroupName = "test-rg"
    Name = "vnet-spoke-1"
}
$vnet = Get-AzVirtualNetwork @vnetParams

$subnetParams = @{
    VirtualNetwork = $vnet
    Name = "subnet-private"
}
$subnet = Get-AzVirtualNetworkSubnetConfig @subnetParams

$subnet.RouteTable = $routeTable

Set-AzVirtualNetwork -VirtualNetwork $vnet

$nsgParams = @{
    ResourceGroupName = "test-rg"
    Name = "nsg-spoke-1"
}
$nsg = Get-AzNetworkSecurityGroup @nsgParams

$ruleParams = @{
    Name = "allow-http"
    Priority = 1000
    Direction = "Inbound"
    Access = "Allow"
    Protocol = "Tcp"
    SourceAddressPrefix = "*"
    SourcePortRange = "*"
    DestinationAddressPrefix = "*"
    DestinationPortRange = "80"
}
$nsg | Add-AzNetworkSecurityRuleConfig @ruleParams

Set-AzNetworkSecurityGroup -NetworkSecurityGroup $nsg

$nicParams = @{
    ResourceGroupName = "test-rg"
    Name = "nic-1"
    SubnetId = (Get-AzVirtualNetwork -ResourceGroupName "test-rg" -Name "vnet-spoke-1").Subnets[0].Id
    NetworkSecurityGroupId = (Get-AzNetworkSecurityGroup -ResourceGroupName "test-rg" -Name "nsg-spoke-1").Id
    Location = "southcentralus"
}
New-AzNetworkInterface @nicParams

$cred = Get-Credential

$vmConfigParams = @{
    VMName = "vm-spoke-1"
    VMSize = "Standard_DS4_v2"
    }
$vmConfig = New-AzVMConfig @vmConfigParams

$osParams = @{
    VM = $vmConfig
    ComputerName = "vm-spoke-1"
    Credential = $cred
    }
$vmConfig = Set-AzVMOperatingSystem @osParams -Windows

$imageParams = @{
    VM = $vmConfig
    PublisherName = "MicrosoftWindowsServer"
    Offer = "WindowsServer"
    Skus = "2022-Datacenter"
    Version = "latest"
    }
$vmConfig = Set-AzVMSourceImage @imageParams

# Create peering from hub to spoke two
$hubVnetParams = @{
    ResourceGroupName = "test-rg"
    Name = "vnet-hub"
}
$hubVnet = Get-AzVirtualNetwork @hubVnetParams

$spokeVnetParams = @{
    ResourceGroupName = "test-rg"
    Name = "vnet-spoke-2"
}
$spokeVnet = Get-AzVirtualNetwork @spokeVnetParams

$hubToSpokeParams = @{
    Name = "vnet-hub-to-vnet-spoke-2"
    VirtualNetwork = $hubVnet
    RemoteVirtualNetworkId = $spokeVnet.Id
    AllowForwardedTraffic = $true
}
Add-AzVirtualNetworkPeering @hubToSpokeParams

# Create peering from spoke two to hub
$spokeToHubParams = @{
    Name = "vnet-spoke-2-to-vnet-hub"
    VirtualNetwork = $spokeVnet
    RemoteVirtualNetworkId = $hubVnet.Id
    AllowForwardedTraffic = $true
}
Add-AzVirtualNetworkPeering @spokeToHubParams

$routeTableParams = @{
    ResourceGroupName = "test-rg"
    Name = "route-table-nat-spoke-2"
    Location = "westus2"
}
New-AzRouteTable @routeTableParams

$routeParams = @{
    Name = "default-via-nat-spoke-2"
    AddressPrefix = "0.0.0.0/0"
    NextHopType = "VirtualAppliance"
    NextHopIpAddress = "10.0.0.10"
}

$routeTableParams = @{
    ResourceGroupName = "test-rg"
    Name = "route-table-nat-spoke-2"
}
$routeTable = Get-AzRouteTable @routeTableParams

$routeTable | Add-AzRouteConfig @routeParams | Set-AzRouteTable

$vnetParams = @{
    ResourceGroupName = "test-rg"
    Name = "vnet-spoke-2"
}
$vnet = Get-AzVirtualNetwork @vnetParams

$subnetParams = @{
    VirtualNetwork = $vnet
    Name = "subnet-private"
}
$subnet = Get-AzVirtualNetworkSubnetConfig @subnetParams

$subnet.RouteTable = $routeTable

Set-AzVirtualNetwork -VirtualNetwork $vnet

$ruleParams = @{
    Name = "allow-http"
    Priority = 1000
    Direction = "Inbound"
    Access = "Allow"
    Protocol = "Tcp"
    SourceAddressPrefix = "*"
    SourcePortRange = "*"
    DestinationAddressPrefix = "*"
    DestinationPortRange = "80"
}
$nsg = Get-AzNetworkSecurityGroup -ResourceGroupName "test-rg" -Name "nsg-spoke-2"

$nsg | Add-AzNetworkSecurityRuleConfig @ruleParams

Set-AzNetworkSecurityGroup -NetworkSecurityGroup $nsg

$nicParams = @{
    ResourceGroupName = "test-rg"
    Name = "nic-2"
    SubnetId = (Get-AzVirtualNetwork -ResourceGroupName "test-rg" -Name "vnet-spoke-2").Subnets[0].Id
    NetworkSecurityGroupId = (Get-AzNetworkSecurityGroup -ResourceGroupName "test-rg" -Name "nsg-spoke-2").Id
    Location = "westus2"
}
New-AzNetworkInterface @nicParams

$vmConfigParams = @{
    VMName = "vm-spoke-2"
    VMSize = "Standard_DS4_v2"
    }
$vmConfig = New-AzVMConfig @vmConfigParams

$osParams = @{
    VM = $vmConfig
    ComputerName = "vm-spoke-2"
    Credential = $cred
    }
$vmConfig = Set-AzVMOperatingSystem @osParams -Windows

$imageParams = @{
    VM = $vmConfig
    PublisherName = "MicrosoftWindowsServer"
    Offer = "WindowsServer"
    Skus = "2022-Datacenter"
    Version = "latest"
    }
$vmConfig = Set-AzVMSourceImage @imageParams

# Get the network interface object
$nicParams = @{
    ResourceGroupName = "test-rg"
    Name = "nic-2"
    }
$nic = Get-AzNetworkInterface @nicParams

$vmConfigParams = @{
    VM = $vmConfig
    Id = $nic.Id
    }
$vmConfig = Add-AzVMNetworkInterface @vmConfigParams

    # Install IIS server role
    Install-WindowsFeature -name Web-Server -IncludeManagementTools
    
    # Remove default htm file
    Remove-Item  C:\inetpub\wwwroot\iisstart.htm
    
    # Add a new htm file that displays server name
    Add-Content -Path "C:\inetpub\wwwroot\iisstart.htm" -Value $("Hello World from " + $env:computername)
    
    Success Restart Needed Exit Code      Feature Result                               
    ------- -------------- ---------      --------------                               
    True    No             Success        {Common HTTP Features, Default Document, D...
    
$vmExtensionParams = @{
    ResourceGroupName = "test-rg"
    VMName = "vm-spoke-2"
    Name = "CustomScriptExtension"
    Publisher = "Microsoft.Compute"
    Type = "CustomScriptExtension"
    TypeHandlerVersion = "1.10"
    Settings = @{
        "commandToExecute" = "powershell Add-WindowsFeature Web-Server; powershell Add-Content -Path 'C:\inetpub\wwwroot\default.htm' -Value vm-spoke-2"
    }
}
Set-AzVMExtension @vmExtensionParams

$rgParams = @{
    Name = "test-rg"
    Force = $true
}
Remove-AzResourceGroup @rgParams